WHAT'S HAPPENING?
United Kingdom's Queen Elizabeth II passed away on Thursday, September 8, at the age of 96 after 70 years on the throne.
Following her demise, Buckingham Palace released a statement that read, "The Queen died peacefully at Balmoral this afternoon. Following the Queen's passing away, the word 'Kohinoor' was trending on Twitter.
QUEEN CONSORT
Earlier this year, the Queen had announced that Prince Charles wife Camilla, the Duchess of Cornwall, would become Queen Consort when he accedes to the throne.
When this will happen, Camilla will receive the Queen Mother's famous Kohinoor crown.
Since 1849, after the British annexation of Punjab, the diamond was ceded to Queen Victoria. It has been part of the British Crown Jewels since then.
The Kohinoor (also spelled Koh-i-Noor) is a 105.6 carat diamond steeped in history.
The Kohinoor diamond is currently set in a platinum crown created for Queen Elizabeth (later known as the Queen Mother) for the 1937 coronation of King George VI. It is kept on display in the Tower of London.
THE JOURNEY OF KOHINOOR
The diamond is believed to have been mined near Guntur, which is currently in the state of Andhra Pradesh, by the Kakatiya dynasty in the 1100-1300.
In 1310, Delhi Sultan Alauddin Khilji is believed to have acquired the diamond from the Kakatiya dynasty after the siege of Warangal. Cut to 1526, when Mughal Emperor Babur had the Kohinoor in his possession following the conquest of Delhi and Battle of Panipat.
The Kohinoor finds mention in Baburnama. Then sometime in the 17th century, Shah Jahan, placed the Kohinoor into his ornate Peacock Throne at the Diwan-i-Khas in Red Fort.
Nadir Shah who invaded the Mughal Empire in 1732 looted the Kohinoor and the Peacock Throne too and moved them to Iran. Nadir Shah was assassinated by his own guards, and the diamond was taken by Ahmad Shah Durrani, who had served Nadir Shah.
Under the Durrani Empire in Afghanistan, the Kohinoor was moved to Kandahar. But another version claims that Nadir Shah's grandson gave the Kohinoor to Durrani in 1751 in return for his support. Durrani lost his throne and was exiled in Punjab eventually.
KOHINOOR BACK IN INDIA
In 1813, the Kohinoor was then taken by Maharaja Ranjit Singh, also known as Sher-e-Punjab, who was said to have set the diamond on his turban. Maharaja Duleep Singh inherited the diamond when he was just 5 years old in 1843.
After the East India Company annexed the Kingdom of Punjab, it was agreed in the Last Treaty of Lahore that the Kohinoor would be handed over to Queen Victoria in 1849.
NOW IN BRITAIN
The diamond was then shipped from Bombay and eventually to the Queen on July 3, 1850 at Buckingham Palace by the East India Company.
In 1852, the diamond was cut and polished to suit the fashion of the times. It reduced the weight of the Kohinoor from 186 to 106.5 carats. The Queen could wear it as a brooch.
The Kohinoor was set in the crown of Queen Alexandra for her coronation in 1902. But in 1911 the diamond was transferred from Queen Alexandra's crown to Queen Mary's crown.
In 1937 it was set on the Crown of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, the late mother of Elizabeth II.
CAN INDIA GET IT BACK?
There has been much debate and discussions on the return of the Kohinoor.
While the British government does not think there is any legal ground for the restitution of the diamond, the Indian government had made attempts to negotiate for the return of the diamond.
It initially said that the Kohinoor was taken away from Maharaja Duleep Singh but later reviewed its claim to say that it cannot be categorised as an object stolen but gifted as compensation.
Under the provisions of the Antiquities and Art Treasure Act, 1972, The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) takes up the issue of retrieval of only such antiquities as have been illegally exported out of the country.
Shashi Tharoor, for one, has said in his book, An Era of Darkness, as part of reparations for colonialism, the British must take certain measures, including the returning to the "loot".
He also said, "The diamond was formally handed over to Queen Victoria by the child Sikh heir Maharaja Duleep Singh, who simply had no choice in the matter.
As I have pointed out in the Indian political debate on the issue, if you hold a gun to my head, I might 'gift' you my wallet - but that doesn't mean I don't want it back when your gun has been put away."
